{"id":1187,"date":"2016-02-08T11:36:39","date_gmt":"2016-02-08T11:36:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/?page_id=1187"},"modified":"2021-10-25T17:19:00","modified_gmt":"2021-10-25T16:19:00","slug":"emdrc_nmp","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/the-devon-historic-environment-record\/emdrc_nmp\/","title":{"rendered":"East and Mid Devon Rivers Catchments NMP Project"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Between 2014 and 2016 an <a href=\"https:\/\/historicengland.org.uk\/research\/research-results\/recent-research-results\/south-west\/east-and-mid-devon-river-catchments-nmp\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">archaeological aerial survey<\/a> centred on the catchments of the Rivers Exe, Culm, and Clyst, north of Exeter across Mid and East Devon, was completed by a project team of staff from AC archaeology and Devon County Council, funded by <a href=\"https:\/\/historicengland.org.uk\/research\/research-results\/recent-research-results\/south-west\/east-and-mid-devon-river-catchments-nmp\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Historic England<\/a> as a <a href=\"https:\/\/historicengland.org.uk\/research\/approaches\/research-methods\/airborne-remote-sensing\/aerial-investigation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Mapping Programme<\/a> (NMP) project and hosted by Devon County Council within the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/the-devon-historic-environment-record\/nd_aonb_nmp\/\">Historic Environment Team<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/projects\/national-mapping-project\/\">Read more about other aerial survey NMP projects in Devon<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1212\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1212\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Whiteways-Cyder-Orchards.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1212\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1212 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Whiteways-Cyder-Orchards-800x211.jpg\" alt=\"A sign proudly advertising \u2018Whiteway\u2019s Cyder Orchards\u2019 amongst the apple trees on a north-west facing hillside south of Hele, in the Culm Valley. RAF\/58\/3858 PSF00195-PSFO0196 03-OCT-1960. Historic England (RAF Photography).\" width=\"800\" height=\"211\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Whiteways-Cyder-Orchards-800x211.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Whiteways-Cyder-Orchards-240x63.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Whiteways-Cyder-Orchards-768x202.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Whiteways-Cyder-Orchards.jpg 1654w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1212\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign proudly advertising \u2018Whiteway\u2019s Cyder Orchards\u2019 amongst the apple trees on a north-west facing hillside south of Hele, in the Culm Valley. RAF\/58\/3858 PSF00195-PSFO0196 03-OCT-1960. Historic England (RAF Photography).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>This project included parts of a rich archaeological landscape in which the Historic Environment is under pressure from threats as diverse as initiatives to reduce <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/water-grant-funding-priorities-river-exe-catchment-18\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">diffuse water pollution<\/a> to housing and commercial <a href=\"http:\/\/www.exeterandeastdevon.gov.uk\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">development growth<\/a>. It also includes the western edge of the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.blackdownhillsaonb.org.uk\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Blackdown Hills AONB<\/a>, a protected landscape that has seen little systematic archaeological survey and where the archaeological resource is relatively poorly understood.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1211\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1211\" style=\"width: 120px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Project-Area.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1211\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1211 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Project-Area-120x120.jpg\" alt=\"A colour photograph with the project area outlined, mostly north and east of Exeter with a small are to the south-west.\" width=\"120\" height=\"120\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1211\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Project area. The base map is \u00a9 Crown Copyright and database right 2014. Ordnance Survey 100019783.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The project consulted over nine thousand hard copy aerial photographs loaned from the <a href=\"https:\/\/historicengland.org.uk\/images-books\/archive\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Historic England Archive<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.geog.cam.ac.uk\/cucap\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Cambridge University Collection of Aerial Photography<\/a> and those <a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/the-devon-historic-environment-record\/\">held by Devon County Council<\/a>, as well as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historicengland.org.uk\/images-books\/publications\/using-airborne-lidar-in-archaeological-survey\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">lidar<\/a> data and modern digital datasets of vertical aerial photographs.<\/p>\n<p>Some of the most useful aerial photographs for identifying earthworks were taken in November 1946, when the ground was least obscured by vegetation cover and before <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ecifm.rdg.ac.uk\/postwarag.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">agricultural intensification<\/a> seems to have levelled many of the sites. Specialist <a href=\"https:\/\/historicengland.org.uk\/research\/approaches\/research-methods\/airborne-remote-sensing\/aerial-reconnaissance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">oblique aerial photographs<\/a>, targeting archaeological sites when cropmarks are most visible during the height of the summer months, were invaluable for recording sites surviving only or mainly as below-ground features.<\/p>\n<p>A total of 2371 archaeological or historic sites were identified from the aerial imagery and recorded on the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/the-devon-historic-environment-record\/nd_aonb_nmp\/\">Devon Historic Environment Record<\/a> (HER), available through <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/gateway\/chr\/herdetail.aspx?crit=&amp;ctid=98&amp;id=4788\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Heritage Gateway<\/a> and mapped on the <a href=\"http:\/\/map.devon.gov.uk\/DCCviewer\/?bm=OSGreyscale&amp;layers=Historic%20Environment;0;1&amp;activeTab=Historic Environment&amp;extent=303926;97003;305209;98211\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Devon Environment Viewer<\/a>. More than three quarters of these had not previously been recorded on the HER.<\/p>\n<div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-1187 gallery-columns-4 gallery-size-thumbnail'><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"120\" height=\"38\" src=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Historic-England-Logo-e1454947429554.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Historic England Logo\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"120\" height=\"58\" src=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2013\/12\/AC-Arch-Logo-small-e1499680604910-120x58.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"AC Archeology logo\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"120\" height=\"57\" src=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2013\/12\/DCC-small-e1454947765796-120x57.jpg\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Devon County Council logo\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure><figure class='gallery-item'>\n\t\t\t<div class='gallery-icon landscape'>\n\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"120\" height=\"33\" src=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/blackdown-logo-e1454947407277.gif\" class=\"attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail\" alt=\"Blackdown Hills logo\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/figure>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\n<p>A number of different topics became apparent as dominant themes within the project area and are summarised below, but much more detail is available in the <a href=\"https:\/\/research.historicengland.org.uk\/Report.aspx?i=15681\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">highlight report.<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Cider Making<\/h2>\n<p>Devon is known for its cider, and cider apples were crucial to the agricultural economy of this area especially in the 19<sup>th<\/sup> and 20<sup>th<\/sup> century; there are even apple varieties called the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.exeter-apples.org.uk\/apples.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Whimple Wonder <\/a>and Whimple Queen! The importance of the industry is clearly reflected by the very high proportion of records \u2013 nearly a fifth of the survey total \u2013 that are of the earthwork remains of tree planting banks. These aided drainage and provided adequate soil depth for the fruit trees.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1210\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1210\" style=\"width: 1654px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Whimple-Orchard-Banks.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1210\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1210 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Whimple-Orchard-Banks.jpg\" alt=\"A colour photograph of linear banks with flowering trees on the ridges.\" width=\"1654\" height=\"724\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Whimple-Orchard-Banks.jpg 1654w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Whimple-Orchard-Banks-240x105.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Whimple-Orchard-Banks-768x336.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Whimple-Orchard-Banks-800x350.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1654px) 100vw, 1654px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1210\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Orchard banks visible as linear earthworks north-west of Whimple in November 2013. Photograph: S. Knight.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1208\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1208\" style=\"width: 187px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Orchards-at-Mortimers.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1208\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1208 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Orchards-at-Mortimers-187x240.jpg\" alt=\"A historic map of the area around the farm, with orchard banks depicted as red parallel linear lines in the fields to the north, east and south.\" width=\"187\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Orchards-at-Mortimers-187x240.jpg 187w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Orchards-at-Mortimers-468x600.jpg 468w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Orchards-at-Mortimers.jpg 606w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 187px) 100vw, 187px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1208\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Orchards and orchard banks around Mortimer\u2019s Farm (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV108748&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV108748<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV108752&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV108752 <\/a>&amp; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV108754&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV108754<\/a>). First edition Ordnance Survey 25 inch map \u00a9 Crown copyright and Landmark Information Group Ltd. NMP transcriptions \u00a9 Historic England.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Whiteways Cyder Company came to dominate the local trade, and this is obvious from the aerial images, which include numerous large <a href=\"http:\/\/commonground.org.uk\/gallery\/james-ravilious\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Whiteways Cyder Orchard signs<\/a> within very neatly kept orchards.<\/p>\n<p>Eventually Whiteways expanded into supplying nationally, and then internationally, various cider (and associated) products. Much more information is available in the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.devonmuseums.net\/Whimple-Heritage-Centre\/Devon-Museums\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Whimple Heritage Centre<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc437244775\"><\/a>The density of historic orcharding is demonstrated by various sources; the banks visible on aerial photographs and lidar often correspond to orchards depicted on the Ordnance Survey <a href=\"http:\/\/maps.nls.uk\/os\/25inch-england-and-wales\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">First Edition 25 inch<\/a> maps.<\/p>\n<p>However a significant proportion do not, and these are likely to be earlier phases, although their use may have overlapped. Most of the fruit trees visible on aerial photographs have been removed, but approximately two thirds of the recorded earthwork banks could survive to some degree.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3146\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3146\" style=\"width: 800px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2018\/01\/IMG_20170930_121855212.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3146 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2018\/01\/IMG_20170930_121855212-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Two red and green streaked apples\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2018\/01\/IMG_20170930_121855212-800x450.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2018\/01\/IMG_20170930_121855212-240x135.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2018\/01\/IMG_20170930_121855212-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2018\/01\/IMG_20170930_121855212-640x360.jpg 640w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2018\/01\/IMG_20170930_121855212.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3146\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The &#8216;Whimple Wonder&#8217;, photograph courtesy of Crispin Adams, Broadclyst Community Farm.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2>Lost Fields<\/h2>\n<p>Relict or removed field boundaries were the second most numerous monument type recorded during the survey. Nearly all of those recorded are interpreted as having pre-dated the mid-19<sup>th<\/sup> century, and the vast majority have a curvilinear form, enclosing small and irregularly shaped fields, that suggests a medieval origin.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1209\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1209\" style=\"width: 1654px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Halberton-Field-Boundaries.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1209\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1209 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Halberton-Field-Boundaries.jpg\" alt=\"Curvilinear green conjoined lines depict the earthwork ditches, fitting into the pattern of fields shown on the underlying scan of a tithe map.\" width=\"1654\" height=\"928\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Halberton-Field-Boundaries.jpg 1654w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Halberton-Field-Boundaries-240x135.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Halberton-Field-Boundaries-768x431.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Halberton-Field-Boundaries-800x449.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1654px) 100vw, 1654px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1209\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Broad curvilinear earthwork ditches <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV108402&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV108402 <\/a>at Halberton, probably based on medieval strip fields. NMP transcriptions \u00a9 Historic England. Tithe Map: Devon County Council Digital Mosaic \u00a9 Devon County Council.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Although Devon\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/the-devon-historic-environment-record\/historic-landscape-characterisation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Historic Landscape Characterisation<\/a> project recorded field boundary loss that occurred after the late-19<sup>th<\/sup> century, only field boundaries not depicted on the earlier (mid-19<sup>th<\/sup> century) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/tithe-map\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tithe Map<\/a> were routinely recorded during NMP. The scale of loss as fields have been amalgamated into larger land parcels has been very high in some of the lowland parts of the project area.<\/p>\n<p>Over half of the removed boundaries were recorded as earthworks, many of them very wide shallow ditches suggesting that there may have been substantial drainage banks associated with them in some areas. A third were visible as <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20151222112126\/https:\/\/historicengland.org.uk\/listing\/showcasing\/heritage-highlights\/cropmarks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">cropmarks<\/a> only, indicating complete levelling of remains probably through plough action.<\/p>\n<h2>Water Everywhere<\/h2>\n<p>In the lower lying areas along the river catchments networks of straight narrow drainage ditches were common, covering large areas of land (for example at Exminster <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV72510&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV72510<\/a>). In some places it is difficult to distinguish between drainage ditches and <a href=\"https:\/\/historicengland.org.uk\/images-books\/publications\/iha-water-meadows\/\" rel=\"noopener\">watermeadow<\/a> systems, which comprised a tenth of all monuments recorded during the survey.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1207\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1207\" style=\"width: 240px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Water-Meadow-Durkshayes.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1207\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1207 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Water-Meadow-Durkshayes-240x224.jpg\" alt=\"Curving lined showing the conjoined ditches of a hillside watermeadow; numerous parallel curving ditches across the contour are perpendicular to two that run downslope. This is overlain on a historic map that depicts Durkshayes Farm buildings.\" width=\"240\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Water-Meadow-Durkshayes-240x224.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Water-Meadow-Durkshayes.jpg 589w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1207\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u2018Local variant\u2019 catch meadow system recorded at Durkshayes. Second Edition Ordnance Survey 25 inch map \u00a9 Crown copyright and Landmark Information Group Ltd. NMP transcriptions \u00a9 Historic England.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The regionally distinctive combe or hillside <a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/the-devon-historic-environment-record\/nd_aonb_nmp\/working-the-land-and-rural-life\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">catchmeadow<\/a> was most commonly recorded, but a more unusual form, interpreted as a possible local \u2018hybrid\u2019 style, was also identified during the survey.<\/p>\n<p>These small-scale systems on hill slopes were defined by a series of parallel contour gutters bisected by one or more linear channels aligned down-slope, cross-contour.<\/p>\n<p>In many cases, these channels appear to tap a water source located further uphill, or appear to originate at a farmstead, as at Durshayes (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV108300&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV108300<\/a>) perhaps as a means of more directly integrating fertiliser in the form of liquid manure into the system.<\/p>\n<p>Valley bottom water meadows, known as <a href=\"https:\/\/historicengland.org.uk\/images-books\/publications\/iha-water-meadows\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">bedworks<\/a>, are rare in Devon, but numerous examples were recorded, considerably extending the supposed distribution of these within the county. Water meadows of all types were more common in the north of the project area, in the central Exe Valley around Tiverton, in keeping with <a href=\"http:\/\/archaeologydataservice.ac.uk\/archives\/view\/devon_hlc_2015\/overview.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Turner\u2019s (2007) findings from HLC<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>Extracting a Living<\/h2>\n<p>Scattered clay, sand, gravel and marl pits were recorded across the project area, mainly on the mudstone, siltstone and sandstone soils, but the aerial images clearly reveal the remains of two extensive and well established former industries on the western part of the Blackdown Hills AONB.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1206\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1206\" style=\"width: 134px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/North-Hill-Extraction.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1206\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1206 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/North-Hill-Extraction-134x240.jpg\" alt=\"Numerous pits are visible as circular and linear earthworks on this black and white vertical aerial photograph.\" width=\"134\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/North-Hill-Extraction-134x240.jpg 134w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/North-Hill-Extraction-768x1371.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/North-Hill-Extraction-336x600.jpg 336w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/North-Hill-Extraction.jpg 827w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 134px) 100vw, 134px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1206\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A dense concentration of iron ore extraction pits on North Down in 1947; linear whetstone mining galleries are also visible on the scarp to the south. RAF\/CPE\/UK\/1974 FP 4293 11-APR-1947. Historic England (RAF Photography).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The spoil, trackways and collapsed galleries of <a href=\"https:\/\/rammcollections.org.uk\/object\/11-1933-g230\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">whetstone mines<\/a> exploiting the greensand geology of Black Down and North Hill can be seen around the scarp on a range of images, although they are obscured by trees on later 20<sup>th<\/sup> century aerial photographs, and increased vegetation growth means it is difficult to see these from ground level now (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV110227&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV110227<\/a><u>)<\/u>.<\/p>\n<p>In use from the mid-18<sup>th<\/sup> to early-20<sup>th<\/sup> century, these workings dominated the landscape and local economy; the white spoil was said to be visible from Cullompton in the early 19<sup>th<\/sup> century (Stanes 1993). Whole families were involved in the trade, with the complete absence of local children from school in 1878 attributed to the Scythestone fair in Exeter!<\/p>\n<p>A much earlier industry was recorded in detail from earthworks across the plateau above the whetstone mines. Extensive open workings from extraction of iron ore were visible as earthwork pits and, where land had been levelled, as cropmarks (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV110229&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV110229<\/a><u>)<\/u>.<\/p>\n<p>Radiocarbon analysis has dated partially levelled pits on North Hill to the Roman or post-Roman\/early medieval period (Griffith &amp; Weddell 1996), and they are similar in size to Roman iron ore pits from the industrial landscape of the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.highweald.org\/look-after\/archaeology\/archaeology-of-the-wealden-iron-industry.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">High Weald<\/a>. It is likely that associated features such as charcoal burning platforms and smelting sites were present in the wider area but have yet to be identified.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1205\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1205\" style=\"width: 1270px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/North-Hill-Pit.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1205\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1205 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/North-Hill-Pit.jpg\" alt=\"A colour ground photograph of one of the circular earthwork pits just downslope of a tree on a hillslope.\" width=\"1270\" height=\"714\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/North-Hill-Pit.jpg 1270w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/North-Hill-Pit-240x135.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/North-Hill-Pit-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/North-Hill-Pit-800x450.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1270px) 100vw, 1270px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1205\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the more readily identifiable earthworks on the edge of North Hill;\u00a0 much of the ground is obscured by bracken and other vegetation cover. Photograph: S. Knight, December 2014.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>A little-known aspect of Devon\u2019s industrial past is the mining of manganese ore for glassmaking, with the Upton Pyne area the centre of national production between about 1770 and 1800 (Russell 1968), before the focus shifted to Newton Abbot and the Teign Valley then declined in the early-20<sup>th<\/sup> century. Prior to the survey the only evidence recorded on the HER was a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV10278&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">D-shaped pit <\/a>but two nearby earthworks identified from lidar data may well have been further extraction pits associated with this regionally important industry (e.g. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV113729&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV113729<\/a>).<\/p>\n<h2>Standing on Ceremony<\/h2>\n<p>Many of the prehistoric features visible on aerial images are interpreted as monument types with a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historicengland.org.uk\/images-books\/publications\/dssg-commemorative-funerary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ceremonial or funerary<\/a> function. Four in five of these were recorded as cropmarks and these were strongly focused on the sandstone areas; cropmarks do not form as readily over mudstone and siltstone.<\/p>\n<p>Specialist aerial photographs taken as part of the aerial reconnaissance programme in Devon during the 1980s and 1990s were the main source for many of these, but a considerable number (43%) were newly recorded on the HER. The earliest of the monuments, dating to the Neolithic, are unsurprisingly the rarest of these.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1204\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1204\" style=\"width: 240px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Hengiform-Earthwork.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1204\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1204 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Hengiform-Earthwork-240x145.jpg\" alt=\"Possible hengiform enclosure bank, more pronounced where it intersects with the field boundary. Photograph: S. Knight, December 2014. \" width=\"240\" height=\"145\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Hengiform-Earthwork-240x145.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Hengiform-Earthwork-768x463.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Hengiform-Earthwork-800x482.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Hengiform-Earthwork.jpg 992w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1204\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Possible hengiform enclosure bank, more pronounced where it intersects with the field boundary. Photograph: S. Knight, December 2014.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Two possible mortuary enclosures (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV111027&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV111017<\/a> &amp; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV112719&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV112719<\/a>) and a hengiform feature (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV108465&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV108465<\/a>), were identified during the survey as cropmarks and an embanked earthwork respectively, and neither had been previously recorded.<\/p>\n<p>More commonly identified were burial mounds, and surrounding ring ditches, dating to the Bronze Age. Previously unrecorded mounds within the dispersed Upton Pyne cemetery site, possibly additional barrows, could be seen only after the revisualisation and adjustment of lidar data <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV113839&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV113839<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1203\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1203\" style=\"width: 226px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Uplowman-Ring-Ditch.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1203\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1203\" src=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Uplowman-Ring-Ditch-226x240.jpg\" alt=\"Possible prehistoric ring ditch visible as a cropmark in 1946. RAF\/3G\/TUD\/UK\/221 V 5361-62 11-JUL-1946. Historic England (RAF Photography).\" width=\"226\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Uplowman-Ring-Ditch-226x240.jpg 226w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Uplowman-Ring-Ditch-768x815.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Uplowman-Ring-Ditch-565x600.jpg 565w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Uplowman-Ring-Ditch.jpg 803w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 226px) 100vw, 226px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1203\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Possible prehistoric ring ditch visible as a cropmark in 1946. RAF\/3G\/TUD\/UK\/221 V 5361-62 11-JUL-1946. Historic England (RAF Photography).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Levelled barrows visible only as cropmarks include those with evidence of more than one ring ditch, possibly indicating several phases of barrow construction and reuse.<\/p>\n<p>For example, cropmarks visible on military RAF vertical photographs taken in 1946 south-west of Uplowman (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV110019&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV110019<\/a><u>)<\/u> might be an outlying element of a nearby small nucleated barrow cemetery visible as a group of four ring ditches.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2>Settling Down<\/h2>\n<p>Although most evidence for prehistoric settlement is Bronze Age or Iron Age in date, the cropmarks of a very large oval enclosure (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV1279&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV1279<\/a>), of possible Neolithic date, were visible. Small features within it have been newly identified and recorded during the survey (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV110718&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV110718<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV111089&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV111089<\/a>), although it is not clear whether they were contemporary with it.<\/p>\n<p>Ditched enclosures, typical of later-prehistoric or Romano-British settlements, are relatively numerous at 236 examples. Over a third of these are new monument records, and almost all were recorded from cropmarks that had formed above the buried remains of infilled enclosure ditches and levelled banks.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1196\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1196\" style=\"width: 240px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Castle-Hill-Enclosure.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1196\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1196\" src=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Castle-Hill-Enclosure-240x211.jpg\" alt=\"Curvilinear enclosure on Castle Hill above Bradninch. The base maps are \u00a9 Crown Copyright and database right 2015. Ordnance Survey 100019783. NMP transcriptions \u00a9 Historic England.\" width=\"240\" height=\"211\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Castle-Hill-Enclosure-240x211.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Castle-Hill-Enclosure.jpg 551w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1196\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curvilinear enclosure on Castle Hill above Bradninch. The base maps are \u00a9 Crown Copyright and database right 2015. Ordnance Survey 100019783. NMP transcriptions \u00a9 Historic England.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The enclosures with a partially surviving curving earthen bank tended to be larger and may have been more substantial defended sites, rather than the smaller and perhaps less robust straight-sided enclosures. One example (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV108251&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV108251<\/a>) is sited on the intriguingly named Castle Hill!<\/p>\n<p>Cropmark evidence for enclosures was strongly focused on the more freely draining land, and this type of monument was widespread across the south and western parts of the project area.<\/p>\n<p>In part their distribution coincides with the areas of the greatest growth in road infrastructure around Exeter, and several have been destroyed by road cuttings, although roadworks also offered opportunities for excavation. Some of the enclosures near Pond Farm were found to have a 2<sup>nd<\/sup> century AD date during construction works in 1975 (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV10043&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV10043<\/a>).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1194\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1194\" style=\"width: 1653px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Pond-Farm-enclosures.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1194\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1194 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Pond-Farm-enclosures.jpg\" alt=\"Enclosures south of Exeter visible as pale cropmarks in 1963. Several have since been truncated and one completely destroyed by roadworks. The base maps are \u00a9 Crown Copyright and database right 2015. Ordnance Survey 100019783. NMP transcriptions \u00a9 Historic England. RAF\/543\/2332 2F21 0102 26-JUL-1963. Historic England (RAF Photography). \" width=\"1653\" height=\"802\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Pond-Farm-enclosures.jpg 1653w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Pond-Farm-enclosures-240x116.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Pond-Farm-enclosures-768x373.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Pond-Farm-enclosures-800x388.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1653px) 100vw, 1653px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1194\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Enclosures south of Exeter visible as pale cropmarks in 1963. Several have since been truncated and one completely destroyed by roadworks. The base maps are \u00a9 Crown Copyright and database right 2015. Ordnance Survey 100019783. NMP transcriptions \u00a9 Historic England. RAF\/543\/2332 2F21 0102 26-JUL-1963. Historic England (RAF Photography).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Evidence of much later abandoned settlements was also seen on the aerial imagery. Around Poltimore House for instance the earthwork remains of Bargain Farm and Pitt Farm (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV113064&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV113064<\/a>) have been identified from lidar data.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1197\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1197\" style=\"width: 240px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Poltimore-Tithe-OS.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1197\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1197\" src=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Poltimore-Tithe-OS-240x190.jpg\" alt=\"Two farmsteads at Poltimore in the mid-19th century, no longer depicted after the area was emparked by the late-19th century. Tithe Map: Devon County Council Digital Mosaic. \u00a9 Devon County Council. First edition Ordnance Survey 25 inch map \u00a9 Crown copyright and Landmark Information Group Ltd. \" width=\"240\" height=\"190\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Poltimore-Tithe-OS-240x190.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Poltimore-Tithe-OS-768x608.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Poltimore-Tithe-OS-758x600.jpg 758w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Poltimore-Tithe-OS.jpg 1654w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1197\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two farmsteads at Poltimore in the mid-19th century, no longer depicted after being emparked in the later 19th century.<br \/>Tithe Map: Devon County Council Digital Mosaic. \u00a9 Devon County Council. First edition Ordnance Survey 25 inch map \u00a9 Crown copyright and Landmark Information Group Ltd.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>These settlements were depicted on the Tithe Map but not the First Edition OS mapping, by which time the area had been incorporated into Poltimore Park and is depicted as wood pasture with tree clumps.<\/p>\n<p>The farmsteads had perhaps been levelled during a large scale redesign of the landscape (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV49340&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV49340<\/a>) in the 19<sup>th<\/sup> century, a phenomenon well known in other parts of the country (e.g. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk\/record-details?MNF3543-Site-of-deserted-medieval-village-of-Houghton&amp;Index=3320&amp;RecordCount=56881&amp;SessionID=98089255-141a-47d2-aa48-e8e1cbbb3988\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Houghton<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2>Fortification and Control<\/h2>\n<p>Sites with military or defensive purposes were less frequently encountered than in many NMP projects, but were often highly significant. They range from highly recognisable<a href=\"https:\/\/historicengland.org.uk\/images-books\/publications\/iha-hillforts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Iron Age hillfort<\/a> ramparts, and the buried remains of fortifications that enabled <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/history\/ancient\/romans\/overview_roman_01.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Roman control<\/a> of the region, to Second World War civil defence, military training or prisoner of war internment centres and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.roc-heritage.co.uk\/1950s-into-the-cold.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Cold War observation posts<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Additional parts of the defensive circuits and interior features were spotted on aerial photographs and lidar data as cropmarks or earthworks at several hillforts (e.g. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV1360&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV1360<\/a>) and Roman camps or forts (e.g. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV29189&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV29189<\/a>). In some cases the imagery allowed a reassessment of their survival (e.g. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV10188&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV10188<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>The aerial resource, particularly the wartime and immediate post-war coverage, provides very good potential for identifying sites of the two World Wars, and more than half of the monuments of this date that were recorded were new to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/the-devon-historic-environment-record\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">HER<\/a>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1198\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1198\" style=\"width: 240px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/UffculmeTrainingTrenches.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1198\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1198\" src=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/UffculmeTrainingTrenches-240x236.jpg\" alt=\"Training trenches of probable First World War date on Uffculme Down (MDV107765). RAF\/CPE\/UK\/1823 RP 3322 04-NOV-1946. Historic England (RAF Photography). \" width=\"240\" height=\"236\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/UffculmeTrainingTrenches-240x236.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/UffculmeTrainingTrenches-768x756.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/UffculmeTrainingTrenches-610x600.jpg 610w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/UffculmeTrainingTrenches.jpg 827w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1198\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Training trenches of probable First World War date on Uffculme Down (MDV107765). RAF\/CPE\/UK\/1823 RP 3322 04-NOV-1946. Historic England (RAF Photography).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Only a few potential First World War sites were recorded; typical zig-zag and \u2018<a href=\"http:\/\/www.hmdt.org.uk\/hmdtmusic\/trenchbrothersteaching\/7-trenches\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">dog-tooth\u2019<\/a> shaped <a href=\"https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/2129873\/Life_in_the_Trenches_Soldiers_on_the_Western_Front_1914-1918_lecture_\" rel=\"noopener\">training trenches<\/a> on rough ground at Uffculme Down (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV107765&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV107765<\/a>) and Gaddon Down (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV108079&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV108079<\/a>) and in Tidcombe Plantation (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV108323&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV108323<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Training of definite Second World War date could be seen from shell craters in training areas such as Woodbury Common (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV112541&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV112541<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Genuine aerial attack was demonstrated by 15 incidences of bomb craters (e.g. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV107637&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV107637<\/a><u>)<\/u>. Measures to mitigate enemy fire included air raid shelters (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV108391&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV108391<\/a>), anti-aircraft gun emplacements and batteries (e.g. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV79572&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV79572<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV78517&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV78517<\/a>) and decoy targets.<\/p>\n<p>Bombing decoys take several forms, and their temporary nature means that often their layout is only known from aerial photographic evidence. One such is the Special Fire or \u2018<a href=\"http:\/\/www.raf-lincolnshire.info\/history\/decoy_nightsites_starfishsites.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">starfish\u2019<\/a> decoy site at Ide, established by the end of May 1942 to draw enemy aircraft away from Exeter during the Second World War. This was in response to, but unfortunately too late to mitigate the impact of, the deadly and culturally devastating \u2018<a href=\"http:\/\/www.exetermemories.co.uk\/em\/exeterblitz.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Baedeker\u2019 raids<\/a> of late April and early <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tellingourstoriesexeter.org.uk\/index.php?page=george-walker-interview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">May 1942<\/a>. These operations targeted historically significant cities and were intended to destroy civilian morale; they were undertaken in retribution following the tactical British attack on L\u00fcbeck, which was itself designed to demonstrate the prowess of Bomber Command as much as (or more than) to disable the most critical military targets (Dobinson 2000,164).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1199\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1199\" style=\"width: 1654px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/StarfishDecoyIde.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1199\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1199\" src=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/StarfishDecoyIde.jpg\" alt=\"Second World War \u2018Starfish\u2019 Bombing Decoy at Ide. RAF\/106G\/UK\/865 RVp1 6056 30-SEP-1945 Historic England (RAF Photography). \" width=\"1654\" height=\"819\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/StarfishDecoyIde.jpg 1654w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/StarfishDecoyIde-240x119.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/StarfishDecoyIde-768x380.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/StarfishDecoyIde-800x396.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1654px) 100vw, 1654px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1199\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Second World War \u2018Starfish\u2019 Bombing Decoy at Ide. RAF\/106G\/UK\/865 RVp1 6056 30-SEP-1945 Historic England (RAF Photography).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Shallow irregular firebreak ditches at Ide (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV72100&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV72100<\/a>) probably surrounded firebaskets and \u2018crib\u2019 or oil fires over steel troughs, to simulate the light effects that would be expected in bombed cities. Numerous smaller ring-shaped possible earthworks in the same field may be rare examples of light positions for different types of light display to simulate movements such as doors opening (Roger Thomas, pers. comm.). Slight remains were still visible in 1945.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_3148\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3148\" style=\"width: 120px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2018\/01\/307-Squadron-Project.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3148 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2018\/01\/307-Squadron-Project-120x120.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"120\" height=\"120\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-3148\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">&#8216;Night Owls&#8217; of 307 squadron pictured next to a Mosquito aircraft, 1943. Courtesy of @307SquadronProject<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>One major target with its own decoy site (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV72067&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV72067<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV72068&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV72068<\/a>) was <a href=\"http:\/\/www.southwestairfields.co.uk\/page19.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">RAF Exeter<\/a> (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV48842&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV48842<\/a>). Requisitioned at the outbreak of the war, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.exeter-airport.co.uk\/wwii-monument-unveiled\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">airfield played an important role<\/a> including the Battle of Britain, experimental research, bombing raids and convoy patrols involving <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tellingourstoriesexeter.org.uk\/index.php?page=polish-nightfigher-squadron\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Polish-manned squadrons<\/a> such as the renowned &#8216;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.307squadron.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lwow Eagle Owls<\/a>&#8216;. In 1944 it became a USAAF station for a time as preparations for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.historicengland.org.uk\/images-books\/publications\/dday-sixty-years-on\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">D-Day<\/a> progressed and subsequently casualties were evacuated.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1200\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1200\" style=\"width: 240px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/RAFExeter.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1200\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1200\" src=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/RAFExeter-240x208.jpg\" alt=\"Camouflaged airfield at RAF Exeter in 1942. RAF\/HLA\/535 V 6087 07-MAY-1942. Historic England (RAF Photography). \" width=\"240\" height=\"208\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/RAFExeter-240x208.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/RAFExeter-768x667.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/RAFExeter-691x600.jpg 691w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/RAFExeter.jpg 886w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1200\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Camouflaged airfield at RAF Exeter in 1942. RAF\/HLA\/535 V 6087 07-MAY-1942. Historic England (RAF Photography).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Photographs taken in 1942 show <a href=\"http:\/\/ncap.org.uk\/feature\/camouflage-concealment-and-deception\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">camouflaging<\/a> of black lines painted over the airfield to imitate field boundaries, with patches along the runway edges designed to break up the straight lines.<\/p>\n<p>The newly extended runway visible at this time testifies to the changing airfield design; by the end of the war the photographs show the standard looped pattern of dispersal which was widely implemented across the country during the conflict and allowed for much more rapid and efficient deployment of aircraft.<\/p>\n<p>Infrastructure associated with military activity seldom survives well, but this was also visible on the aerial photographs. The layout of camps for US servicemen (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV108461&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV108461<\/a>), prisoners of war (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV80418&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV80418<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV57281&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV57281<\/a>), RAF Exeter airfield personnel (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV56271&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV56271<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV56268&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV56268<\/a>) and unknown purposes (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV107878&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV107878<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV109200&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV109200<\/a>) were all recorded.<\/p>\n<h2>Designing Landscapes<\/h2>\n<p>Several large-scale designed landscapes within the project area have been designated as <a href=\"https:\/\/historicengland.org.uk\/listing\/what-is-designation\/registered-parks-and-gardens\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Registered Parks and Gardens<\/a>: Bridwell, Killerton House, Knightshayes and Rockbeare Manor. However the survey has added most to the smaller, less well-known parklands.<\/p>\n<p>Earthwork mounds for highly visible tree clumps (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV113346&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV113346<\/a>) at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV54856&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Winslade<\/a> Park, geometric tree planting enclosure banks at <a href=\"http:\/\/www.devongardenstrust.org.uk\/?q=node\/206\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Poltimore<\/a>, and a possible causeway across an ornamental watercourse on Lord Rolle\u2019s estate (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV112325&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV112325<\/a>) are all examples of additional features identified through the survey.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1201\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1201\" style=\"width: 219px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/BictonWoodbury-Common-Mounds.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1201\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1201\" src=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/BictonWoodbury-Common-Mounds-219x240.jpg\" alt=\"Earthwork mounds on Bicton\/Woodbury Common. Next Perspectives PGA Imagery SY0386 22-MAY-2010. \u00a9 Getmapping Plc. \" width=\"219\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/BictonWoodbury-Common-Mounds-219x240.jpg 219w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/BictonWoodbury-Common-Mounds.jpg 402w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 219px) 100vw, 219px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1201\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Earthwork mounds on Bicton\/Woodbury Common. Next Perspectives PGA Imagery SY0386 22-MAY-2010. \u00a9 Getmapping Plc.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>A particularly interesting and locally distinctive example of estate features with a coherent landscape presence, but not as part of a typical formal parkland, was visible on Woodbury Common.<\/p>\n<p>Groups of paired mounds (e.g. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV10473&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV10473<\/a>) along Yettington Road have been variously interpreted as Bronze Age burial mounds and Napoleonic defences as well as post-medieval \u2018follies\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>Given the presence of some even more elaborate star shaped examples just outside the project area south-east of Ottery St Mary (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV10750&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV10750<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV20256&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV20256<\/a> &amp; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritagegateway.org.uk\/Gateway\/Results_Single.aspx?uid=MDV10757&amp;resourceID=104\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MDV10757<\/a>), and Lord Rolle\u2019s instigation of other large landscape projects such as the <a href=\"http:\/\/therollecanal.co.uk\/index.php\/history\/who\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rolle Canal<\/a>, a plausible explanation is that these groups of mounds flanking the roadways are most likely to have been created under the direction of Lord Rolle as foci demarcating routes through his estate, and perhaps incorporating pre-existing archaeological features.<\/p>\n<p>The aerial photographs also illustrate elements of more widespread landscape change, such as the <a href=\"http:\/\/devonhedges.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/12_Management-4-Hedgerow-trees.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">decline in the number of mature hedgerow trees<\/a>, and changing attitudes towards woodland.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1202\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1202\" style=\"width: 1654px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Winslade-Tree-Avenue.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-1202\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1202\" src=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Winslade-Tree-Avenue.jpg\" alt=\"Young replacement trees line the drive at Winslade Park in 1955. RAF\/540\/1649 F22 0032-0033 25-JUN-1955 Historic England (RAF Photography).\" width=\"1654\" height=\"569\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Winslade-Tree-Avenue.jpg 1654w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Winslade-Tree-Avenue-240x83.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Winslade-Tree-Avenue-768x264.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2016\/02\/Winslade-Tree-Avenue-800x275.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1654px) 100vw, 1654px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1202\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young replacement trees line the drive at Winslade Park in 1955. RAF\/540\/1649 F22 0032-0033 25-JUN-1955 Historic England (RAF Photography).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Interesting comparisons can be drawn: the replacement of a line of mature trees with new saplings between 1946 and 1955 along the drive at Winslade Park broadly compares in timeframe to the replacement of a lime avenue with poplars <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=WUqeR3JVnTAC&amp;lpg=PA33&amp;ots=LmSwUink1z&amp;dq=poltimore%20poplar%20lime%20avenue&amp;pg=PA32#v=snippet&amp;q=poplar&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">at Poltimore House<\/a> in 1956. This desire to retain and enhance the historic landscape as depicted on the late-19<sup>th<\/sup> century mapping also seems to have waned with subsequent shifts in ownership and management; the avenue at Winslade is now subsumed or completely replaced by a plantation.<\/p>\n<h2>Further reading<\/h2>\n<p>Dobinson, C. 2000. <em>Fields of Deception: Britain\u2019s Bombing Decoys of World War II<\/em>. English Heritage.<\/p>\n<p>Griffith, F. &amp; Weddell, P. 1996. \u2018Ironworking in the Blackdown Hills: Results of a recent survey\u2019 in <em>Mining History<\/em> 13 2: 27-34.<\/p>\n<p>Historic England. 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/historicengland.org.uk\/research\/approaches\/research-methods\/airborne-remote-sensing\/aerial-photographs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Using Aerial Photographs<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/the-devon-historic-environment-record\/nd_aonb_nmp\/\">North Devon Coast AONB National Mapping Programme Project<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Russell, P. M. G. 1968-1970. \u2018Manganese Mining in Devon\u2019. <em>Devon &amp; Cornwall Notes &amp; Queries<\/em> 31: 205-213.<\/p>\n<p>Stanes, R. G. F. 1993. \u2018Devonshire Batts: The Whetstone Mining industry and the community of Blackborough, in the Blackdown Hills\u2019 in Rep<em>ort and Transactions of the Devonshire Association <\/em>125: 71-112.<\/p>\n<p>Turner, S. 2007. <em>Ancient County: The Historic Character of Rural Devon<\/em>. Exeter: Devon Archaeological Society Occasional Paper 20.<\/p>\n<p>Wilson, D. 1982. <em>Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists<\/em>. London: Batsford.<\/p>\n<h2>Your comments<\/h2>\n<p>Would you like to share additional information on any of the sites we recorded from aerial photographs, or do you have a different interpretation? Let us <a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/\">know<\/a>! We read all submissions but unfortunately due to the volume of responses we are unable to respond personally to every comment.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Between 2014 and 2016 an archaeological aerial survey centred on the catchments of the Rivers Exe, Culm, and Clyst, north of Exeter across Mid and East Devon, was completed by a project team of staff from AC archaeology and Devon &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/the-devon-historic-environment-record\/emdrc_nmp\/\" aria-label=\"Continue reading East and Mid Devon Rivers Catchments NMP Project\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":164,"featured_media":0,"parent":34,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-sidebar.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"class_list":["post-1187","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"publishpress_future_action":{"enabled":false,"date":"2026-04-19 06:54:53","action":"change-status","newStatus":"draft","terms":[],"taxonomy":"","extraData":[]},"publishpress_future_workflow_manual_trigger":{"enabledWorkflows":[]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1187","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/164"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1187"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1187\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4177,"href":"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1187\/revisions\/4177"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/34"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.devon.gov.uk\/historicenvironment\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1187"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}